Motet Music Essays - Medieval Music, Renaissance Music, Free Essays

Motet Music Essays - Medieval Music, Renaissance Music, Free Essays Motet Music The genesis of the motet is, like the biblical birth of Eve, a matter of appendage. In the case of Eve, a rib was removed from Adam and fashioned into a women; the motet was a rib added to pre-existing clausulae. James C. Thomson describes this development as follows: In the thirteenth century, perhaps sooner, it became the practice to add a new text to the upper voice of a clausula. The newly worded, was then called motetus. (Thomson, 56) Despite its somewhat haphazard birth, the form was widely accepted. Grout describes its popularity as: Thousands of motets were written in the thirteenth century; the style spread from Paris throughout France and to all parts of western Europe. (Grout, 99) Originality was not a hallmark of the thirteenth century motet. In fact, of the two essential characteristics of the motet, one was that it was constructed on a cantus firmus, some pre-existent melody (Thomson, 57) The other was that it had at least two different texts. As Grout points out, the stock of motet melodies, both tenors and upper parts, lay in the public domain; composers and performers freely helped themselves to the music of their predecessors without acknowledgment and altered it without notice. (Grout, 99) A unique characteristic of the motet of this period is the mixing of melodies and rhythms. Alfred Einstein described this technique as: This may be called polymelody, the compulsory combination of the two or more distinct melodies with different rhythms (Einstein, 26) With the acceptance of such combinations came the development of stranger mixtures. Side by side with a sacred liturgical text appeared secular texts of sometimes outrageous contrast. The mixture of sacred and secular text was a result of the fact that less and less notice was taken of the connection between the texts of the tenor and duplum. Einstein theorized this development was arbitrary, however most belief the music is premised on an, internal perception (Bukofzer, 28) and to the musician, to them a detail was a value in itself. (Mathiassen, 70) The motet blended the different planes of music. An additional development in the technique of mixing and adding is that not only was it polyphonic, polyrythmic, and polytextual, but music was now polyglot: one or more vernacular (French) texts might be substituted for Latin ones. (Thomson, 57) During this time, composers of the Notre Dame School concerned themselves with the development of clausulae in rhythmically identical patterns. (Harman, 53) Harman writes: This was not only the culmination of the Notre Dame preoccupation with rhythm, but was also a very important innovation, because it eventually developed into the chief structural device of the fourteenth century motet. (Harman, 53) The structural device alluded to above, goes under name of isorhythm, (same rhythm). At first, this concept of single rhythm was applied solely to the tenor part, but gradually the principle was applied to the other parts. Creating a greater unity and sense of whole to the listener. Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361) was a master of the isorythmic motet. (Thomson, 59) It was he who pioneered the application of the principle to the other parts. He and Guillaume de Machaut (c.1300-c.1377), whose claim that the ear should be used to check a completed composition was the first indication that the combination of the given melodies was beginning to yield to a freer, more individual attitude towards creative art. (Einstein, 34) Machaut was the most prominent practitioner of the strophic motet and preferred the use of French text. (Saide, 625) The fourteenth century also witnessed a change in attitude toward text. The polytextual thirteenth-century motet was replaced by the fourteenth-century forms, which typically had a single text, treated either as a solo (the French ballad) or distributed between the voices in such a way as to keep the words always clearly understandable. (Grout, 157) The development of the motet from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries can be characterized as a gradual turning away from the abstract, nonsensuous principles of construction toward pleasure of sounds for their own sake, and toward a clarity of structure immediately apparent from the music itself, without reference to esoteric meanings. (Grout, 157) Many of the motets written during the fourteenth century were constructed in

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Executive Summary - Essay Example SAP Business One is a fully integrated business management solution that boosts functionality across all departments. First, ProCons is a master value-added reseller of business solutions across the MENA region, which reinforces Al Jassim Group reputation. It is a global partner and a world leader in IT solutions with offices in Beirut, Dubai, KSA, Qatar, and Kuwait. ProCons consists of a team of experienced multi-lingual consultants that can swiftly implement the solution. Secondly, Karani Mohamed Farooq, group finance manager states that the group has been using an accounting system for years and that the upgrade of the powerful tool will support the group’s organic growth. In addition, the new system will support across boarder business as planned by the group. Thirdly, although the group had many options to choose from, they chose ProCons SAP Business One model because it promised data reliability, integrity, scalability, dependency, user friendliness, and back up support. I would evaluate my system and establish if it will enable the company to compete effectively with the beefed up competition form my competitors. I would establish specific areas that have a problem and compare different systems that can suit this area. This evaluation will also enable the company to determine if there is need for a complete change of the entire system or just part of the system. Consultations with an IT expert can help analyse the current position of the company’s competitive edge and the need for a new system. Later, the company will need to examine its current financial status to establish if it can afford a new system if there is need for one. If I were in charge of this change, I would make sure that the company is not just getting a reliable system but one with the customer in mind. That is, a survey needed to precede this implementation to accommodate most royal customer’s views. This may include a system that will allow them to make a saving for their

Macroeconomics- methods of Economic growth for Singapore and Hong Kong Essay

Macroeconomics- methods of Economic growth for Singapore and Hong Kong - Essay Example The prices of goods offered by the economy have determination in a free price system (McEachern, 2012). The nations should look for the products and services that people are interested and focus on building them. Today, large nations that control the world’s trade depend on market economy since it is where they control and participate in both exports and exports. Singapore and Hong Kong are some of the new nations that have come of age and adopting the market economy to not only increase their competitiveness but also give it an economic advantage. Additionally, taxation laws are another way both Hong Kong and Singapore can use to encourage economic growth. If the economies do not give enough tax, they will not be able to supply the infrastructure and services they need to keep existing businesses or attract new ones. Investment in infrastructure and human capital – safe and modern infrastructure guarantees investments in the country. Any country with a high number of investors leads to more exports from the country. Better investments, thus result in the growth of the economy of the nations (McEachern, 2012). The roads in Singapore and Hong Kong are of high quality thus offer quick and efficient transport system for the goods and services. Besides, improved infrastructures attract investors and reduce the cost of production. Availability of cheap electricity and enhanced road network is paramount to opening interior areas as they have potential when reach. Some of the newly industrialized nations managed to reach the stage because of the developed infrastructure. Similarly, availability of human capital is vital is any economy because it determines the input required towards higher production. For instance, any nation that wants to attract investors must ensure that it provides personnel that assist in the daily running of the institutions as well as firms that have been

The New England Aquarium Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New England Aquarium - Case Study Example The Aquarium has a multi-year diverse plan, which explains where we are at the moment, as well as acknowledges the successes we can use. It also recommends what we should do in order to make the institution become more inclusive and diverse in intended areas and better-equipped to serve and reach the diverse community. In this memorandum, I will provide a political and symbolic frame analysis of the case study, Diversity Programs at the New England Aquarium from the point of views of the COO, Cynthia Mackey. Additionally, I will also analyze the whole organization in frames, as well as three political recommendations and three symbolic recommendations that Cynthia can implement, discussing possible ramifications of the actions. The aquarium has tried formulating policies with the aim of making it an institution that attracts the broadest audience as possible. These efforts began in one side of the aquarium, the education department to try bring different people into its folds. These kinds of initiatives were funded by the government, in which it focused on bringing together adolescents to participate in the available youth programs, in addition to being paid. The youth programs were successful but were disruptive within the institution because of the longstanding assumptions and practices that clashed with expectations and needs of other people. With such feelings running high, Cynthia Mackey who is the department senior understood the crisis and therefore, sought to find ways to resolve the tensions. The New England Aquarium should engage the broadest constituency in its efforts to protect the aquarium or rather the blue planet. A work force which is diverse should provide skill; perspectives and experiences which will enrich the available programs in the institution, add creativity, enhance the working environment and strengthen their problem solving skills. If a diverse workforce is implemented, the community will stop regarding the institution as a preserve for wealthy families because every culture will be implemented. Additionally, when a diverse community comes together, they bring in new ideas, skills and experiences, and therefore, the institution will benefit from the diverse ideas from each community. Additionally, if a broadest constituency is engaged in the preservation of the blue planet, the institution will be well represented as well as benefit from a broad perspective of each community represented. When different people, with different ideas work together, they are able to make good decisions based on each represented culture within the institution. Therefore, representatives of each communi ty will represent each culture and as a result, the aquarium will be attracting everyone as its mission statement states. Additionally, as it name suggests, Diversity Programs at the New England Aquarium is an international community aquarium and therefore, coming up with a diverse workforce, will help the institution to work together towards the pursuit of a common vision and ideal. International community comes in all sizes and shapes, and therefore, they will represent an amazing diverse people in their values, in terms of economic, social, political, ecological as well as spiritual. The Aquarium opened its doors in 1969, and constructed the very first successful modern day aquarium. Its designs are innovative and the giant ocean tank

The Violent Energy of Ted Hughes :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Violent Energy of Ted Hughes   Ã‚   "Poetic voice of blood and guts" (Welsh 1) said one newspaper headline announcing the appointment of Ted Hughes as the new Poet Laureate in November of 1984. It was fairly typical of the surprise with which the media greeted this appointment because Ted Hughes, it seems, is for most people a difficult poet. Hughes is frequently accused of writing poetry which is unnecessarily rough and violent when he is simply being a typically blunt Yorkshireman, describing things as he sees them. For example, his Moortown poems (which began as a journal recording his farming experiences) are not at all like the traditional romantic view of nature for which English poets are famous. There is no trace in them of the kind of sentiments expressed in Elizabethan poet, Robert Herrick's, lines - "Fair daffodils we weep to see you haste away so soon" (Rosengarten 98), or Wordsworth's - "I wandered lonely as a cloud that floats on high o'er vales and hills" (Rosengarten 234). Poetry, for Hughes, i s to do with the world of imagination; He calls it "a journey into the inner universe" (Faas 29), and "an exploration of the genuine self" (Faas 32). Poetry (he once wrote} is one way to:    "unlock the doors of those many mansions inside the head and express something - perhaps not much, just something - of the crush of information that presses in on us....Something of the deep complexity that makes us precisely the way we are.... Something of the inaudible music that moves us along in our bodies from moment to moment like water in a river..." (Faas 82)    An excessive scrutiny of the seamy, shocking side of Ted Hughes' writing, particularly his "animal poems", has characterized much of the critical attention paid to the poet laureate. Many scholars, such as Ben Howard, suggest that Hughes "has often seemed the celebrant, if not the proponent of violence and destruction" (253). This approach to his poetry, however, disregards the imaginative depths Hughes discovers by pursuing violence. In his poem Pike (55 - 56), Hughes manipulates our kinesthetic awareness of violence by guiding us, in carefully constructed stages, into closer contact with the pike. With each of these progressive stages, we are introduced to violence of increasing magnitude and significance.    The stages compromise a series of degrees: the first in stanzas one through four, the second in stanza five through the first two lines of six, the third through stanza seven, and the fourth in stanzas eight through eleven.

Ib Psychology Essay; Bloa Ethics

Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis. As with any aspect of Psychology that uses research studies, studies in the Biological Level of Analysis require the researcher to follow main ethical guidelines. While all the guidelines should be followed and respected, there are quite a few of which should be taken into extra careful consideration, although so is not always the case. To keep the research in ethical bounds, most psychologists agree to follow a certain code of ethics in order to abstain from inhumane experiments and studies.Deception, debriefing, and exploitation of animals in the use of invasive techniques, all come into play as significant considerations at this level. Sometimes, however, it is not possible for researchers to always follow that code as it may affect their studies' results. For example in a Schachter and Singer (1962) experimental study –intending to challenge several theories of emotion- voluntee rs were recruited to receive a vitamin injection and informed that they would be participating in vision experiments.In reality, three groups received an injection of adrenaline, and those of a fourth were given placebo injections. Even worse, one of the groups was not told about even a single possible side effect. Despite a safe amount of adrenalin, fully informed consent could not be obtained since it could influence and alter the overall results, attributing to in fact a characteristic placebo effect. This gives researchers justification of their use of deception in an attempt to keep their work valid and controversy-free.Researchers use placebos during studies to help them understand the effectiveness of a new drug or some other treatment on a certain condition. A placebo is a seemingly legitament medical treatment that is in fact fake and has no physical affect whatsoever on an individual; a response to which can be positive or negative. The relationship between the mind and bo dy has been the focus of research on the placebo effect.One of its most common theories is that the effect is due to the individual's expectations: anticipating a particular outcome from, for example, a pill can actually lead to the body's own chemical makeup carrying that out to some extent if not exactly. The third principle of the biological level of analysis states that animal research may inform our understanding of behavior; suggesting that we share a common ancestor, we can therefore make human inferences based on that. There is significant controversy concerning the use of animals in such acts nd the understanding of its advantages and namely disadvantages. And so, another group of studies to consider in terms of ethical issues is research involving animals. It is an obvious solution to quite a number of researchers' problems to simply harm animals rather than resort to humans. However, it is widely believed that all animal research is unethical primarily due to the lack of ability to obtain informed consent on behalf of the animals. In addition to this, it is not possible for researchers to predict the amount of harm or pain that the animal will undergo – if any.In specific, numerous experiments comprising of animals to study brain correlations have been conducted. Hetherington and Ranson were in charge of such an experimental study, in 1942, in testing the function of the hypothalamus. Upon the lessoning of the hypothalamus, the rats' appetites were distorted which resulted in a doubling of their weight. From this, researchers concluded the belief that the hypothalamus is indeed responsible for the regulation of appetite or hunger. The damage done however was not reversible in any sense.This again is a question of ethics. Thus, there is a range of ethical issues that researchers working at The Biological Level of Analysis must have in mind at all times, ready to look through rather than looking past. Never-ending debates present for almost eve ry topic, study, or discovery, may never really seize to exist. Nonetheless, this just emphasizes the need for extra effort to be put in†¦ People define ethics in the way that personally suits them, and this in its own way is a perfect example of lack of ethics, as well as decorum. Ib Psychology Essay; Bloa Ethics Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis. As with any aspect of Psychology that uses research studies, studies in the Biological Level of Analysis require the researcher to follow main ethical guidelines. While all the guidelines should be followed and respected, there are quite a few of which should be taken into extra careful consideration, although so is not always the case. To keep the research in ethical bounds, most psychologists agree to follow a certain code of ethics in order to abstain from inhumane experiments and studies.Deception, debriefing, and exploitation of animals in the use of invasive techniques, all come into play as significant considerations at this level. Sometimes, however, it is not possible for researchers to always follow that code as it may affect their studies' results. For example in a Schachter and Singer (1962) experimental study –intending to challenge several theories of emotion- voluntee rs were recruited to receive a vitamin injection and informed that they would be participating in vision experiments.In reality, three groups received an injection of adrenaline, and those of a fourth were given placebo injections. Even worse, one of the groups was not told about even a single possible side effect. Despite a safe amount of adrenalin, fully informed consent could not be obtained since it could influence and alter the overall results, attributing to in fact a characteristic placebo effect. This gives researchers justification of their use of deception in an attempt to keep their work valid and controversy-free.Researchers use placebos during studies to help them understand the effectiveness of a new drug or some other treatment on a certain condition. A placebo is a seemingly legitament medical treatment that is in fact fake and has no physical affect whatsoever on an individual; a response to which can be positive or negative. The relationship between the mind and bo dy has been the focus of research on the placebo effect.One of its most common theories is that the effect is due to the individual's expectations: anticipating a particular outcome from, for example, a pill can actually lead to the body's own chemical makeup carrying that out to some extent if not exactly. The third principle of the biological level of analysis states that animal research may inform our understanding of behavior; suggesting that we share a common ancestor, we can therefore make human inferences based on that. There is significant controversy concerning the use of animals in such acts nd the understanding of its advantages and namely disadvantages. And so, another group of studies to consider in terms of ethical issues is research involving animals. It is an obvious solution to quite a number of researchers' problems to simply harm animals rather than resort to humans. However, it is widely believed that all animal research is unethical primarily due to the lack of ability to obtain informed consent on behalf of the animals. In addition to this, it is not possible for researchers to predict the amount of harm or pain that the animal will undergo – if any.In specific, numerous experiments comprising of animals to study brain correlations have been conducted. Hetherington and Ranson were in charge of such an experimental study, in 1942, in testing the function of the hypothalamus. Upon the lessoning of the hypothalamus, the rats' appetites were distorted which resulted in a doubling of their weight. From this, researchers concluded the belief that the hypothalamus is indeed responsible for the regulation of appetite or hunger. The damage done however was not reversible in any sense.This again is a question of ethics. Thus, there is a range of ethical issues that researchers working at The Biological Level of Analysis must have in mind at all times, ready to look through rather than looking past. Never-ending debates present for almost eve ry topic, study, or discovery, may never really seize to exist. Nonetheless, this just emphasizes the need for extra effort to be put in†¦ People define ethics in the way that personally suits them, and this in its own way is a perfect example of lack of ethics, as well as decorum.

Annotated Bibliography On Import Java - 726 Words

/*package adsa;*/ /** * * @author GOPIKRISHN */ import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Set; import java.util.InputMismatchException; public class AdjListGraph { private int distances[]; private int nodes; public static final int MAX_VALUE = 999; private SetInteger visited; private SetInteger unvisited; private int adjacencyMatrix[][]; public AdjListGraph(int nodes) //Constructor { this.nodes = nodes; distances = new int[nodes + 1]; visited = new HashSetInteger(); unvisited = new HashSetInteger(); adjacencyMatrix = new int[nodes + 1][nodes + 1]; } public void Dijkstra(int AdjacencyMatrix[][], int source) { int evaluationNode; for (int i = 1; i = nodes; i++) for (int j = 1; j = nodes; j++) adjacencyMatrix[i][j] = AdjacencyMatrix[i][j]; for (int i = 1; i = nodes; i++) { distances[i] = Integer.MAX_VALUE; } unvisited.add(source); distances[source] = 0; while (!unvisited.isEmpty()) { evaluationNode = getNodeWithMinimumDistanceFromUnvisited(); unvisited.remove(evaluationNode); visited.add(evaluationNode); evaluateNeighbours(evaluationNode); } } private int getNodeWithMinimumDistanceFromUnvisited() { int min ; intShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bib liography On Import Java1518 Words   |  7 Pagesimport java.io.*; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; public class Processor { // Register variables static int IR, AC, X, Y, timer; static int PC = 0; static int SP = 1000; static int instructionCount = 0; static int userStack = 1000; static int systemStack = 2000; // turns to false on interrupts static boolean userMode = true; // avoid nested interrupt execution static boolean interrupt = false; public static void main(String args[]) { String file = null; //Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java1531 Words   |  7 Pagesimport java.util.Scanner; import java.util.Random; public class PigDiceGameTwoVariation { public static void main(String[] args) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub String input; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); Random rand = new Random(); /********************************************************** * Program : Pig Dice Game Assignment * Author : Brandee Combden * Due Date : Wednesday, September 21st, 2016. * Description : Basic Two-Dice Pig, two playersRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java735 Words   |  3 Pagesimport java.awt.*; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.File; import java.util.Scanner; public class DrawMaze { public static final Color WALL_COLOR = Color.RED; public static final Color START_COLOR = Color.BLUE; public static final Color PATH_COLOR = Color.BLACK; public static final Color END_COLOR = Color.ORANGE; public static final Color BACKGROUND = new Color(0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f); // Width of border in pixels public static int borderwidth = 40; //Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java708 Words   |  3 Pages// to play, just run the program import java.applet.Applet; import java.applet.AudioClip; import java.net.MalformedURLException; import java.net.URL; import java.util.Scanner; import javax.sound.sampled.AudioInputStream; import javax.sound.sampled.AudioSystem; import javax.sound.sampled.Clip; public class TTT { public static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); public static void reset(char[][] board) { for (int i = 0; i board.length; i++) for (int j = 0; j board[0].length;Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java719 Words   |  3 Pagesimport java.io.*; import java.util.*; import java.net.*; public class FTPClient { public Socket sock = null; public BufferedReader read; public BufferedWriter write; public ServerSocket ss; public int byteTransfered; public Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); // Check client connect to server public boolean connected = false; public boolean exit = false; String response = null; // run the main code here public static void main(String args[]) { FTPClient c= new FTPClient();Read MoreBanana Used as Fertilizer11002 Words   |  45 Pagesreview on banana diseases in 1935 has resulted in a really useful chapter, whereas any attempt to cover a wider range in forty pages must have led to a treatment too superficial to be worth while. For the pests, on which no monograph exists, an annotated list is given of 182 species and five are selected for fuller treatment. In the last chapter the author returns to his special field and gives a concise but adequate summary of the aims, methods and results of banana breeding from its inception in